The overall quality of life for America's children has improved slightly since 1975, according to a report released by Duke University and the Brookings Institution. Children have experienced significant improvements during the past three decades in material well-being, safety and behavioral concerns, and participation in school or work. This is balanced by little change in educational attainment, and a decline from the 1975 baseline levels in other areas such as health.

Each year, the Foundation for Child Development Index of Child Well-Being (CWI) Project at Duke University examines trends in American children's quality of life in seven domains:

• Material well-being (e.g., poverty, family income)
• Health (e.g., infant mortality, rate of overweight children)
• Safety/behavioral (e.g., teen birth rate, rate of violent crime offenders)
• Educational attainments (e.g., reading and math test scores)
• Participation in school or work (e.g., rate of persons with high school diploma, rate of preschool enrollment)
• Social relationships (e.g., rate of children in single parent homes)
• Emotional/spiritual well-being (e.g., suicide rate, rate of weekly religious attendance).

These domains are measured by 28 key indicators. The composite index, an average of the seven domains, gives a sense of the overall direction of change in children's well-being relative to the base year of 1975. Some key trends noted in the report include:

• Improvements in the safety/behavioral domain are largely due to decreases in the rate of children and youth who are serious criminal offenders and victims of violent crime.
• Decline in the health domain is linked to the large increase in the number of children in this country who are obese.
• Although reading and math scores have not changed significantly, other related indicators have improved, such as the number of 3- and 4-year-olds enrolled in preschool.

A copy of the report, The Foundation for Child Development Index of Child Well-Being 1975 - 2002, with Projections for 2003, is available from the Brookings Institution's website at www.brookings.edu/comm/events/20040324index.pdf.

Additional information on the CWI is available from the Duke University website at www.soc.duke.edu/~cwi/.

Current Federal child welfare financing rules, which are targeted to supporting children in foster care rather than on services to keep children safe in their own homes or in alternative permanent placements, may limit States' ability to engage in service innovations and improve their performance on the Federal Child and Family Services Reviews (CFSRs), according to a recent report by Fostering Results. The report shows that when States are given greater flexibility--such as through the Title IV-E waiver program--some have succeeded in improving outcomes for children in foster care.

The report, The Foster Care Straitjacket: Innovation, Federal Financing & Accountability in State Foster Care Reform, begins with an overview of State performance on the CFSRs. According to results from 39 States whose reviews had been completed when the report was written, States are struggling in a number of areas, including securing timely permanence for children who enter foster care and minimizing the number of times a child is moved from placement to placement. Although States are seeking ways to address these challenges, many of the services needed to improve outcomes for children (such as substance abuse treatment, mental health services, and support for legal guardianship) are difficult to fund under current Federal financing rules.

Expansion of Title IV-E child welfare waivers, which allow States to waive certain funding requirements to facilitate the demonstration of new approaches to service delivery, could help alleviate this difficulty. This expansion is part of the TANF reauthorization that has been put forth by the Bush Administration. The report cites examples from several States that have successfully implemented demonstration projects to improve the child welfare system's performance. Among the examples discussed:

• Illinois used a Federal funding waiver to subsidize private guardianship and provide more than 6,800 children with stable, permanent homes. The State then reinvested the more than $28 million in "savings" created by the waiver into other services that helped cut the number of children in foster care from 51,000 to 19,000 in 5 years.
• Connecticut was granted a waiver to use Federal funds to offer intensive residential mental health services to children in residential placements while in foster care, reducing the time these children spent in care and improving their behavior once they returned home--at no additional cost to the Federal government.
• North Carolina received a waiver to allow 19 counties to use IV-E funds more flexibly to support services to ensure safe, permanent outcomes for children in or at imminent risk of placement. Evaluators found a decreased probability of placement for children in the demonstration counties (versus comparison counties).

In addition to improving outcomes for children and families, the report claims, such waivers also offer the potential to reduce total IV-E costs over time.

Fostering Results is a public education and outreach campaign working to address Federal child welfare financing mechanisms and improve court oversight of child welfare cases. The full report can be downloaded from the Fostering Results website at http://www.pewtrusts.org/our_work_report_detail.aspx?id=17842.

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President Bush's child welfare proposal addresses the issues raised in this report by allowing States the option to receive their foster care funding as a flexible grant. This flexibility would help States enhance the array of services for families and improve outcomes for children. Read more about the proposal in "HHS Assistant Secretary Testifies Before Congress on the President's Child Welfare Proposal" in the August 2003 issue of Children's Bureau Express.

Demonstration projects are already exhibiting some of the promise of the President's proposal on a smaller scale. Read about waiver projects in four States--Indiana, North Carolina, Ohio, and Oregon--in "Flexible Funding Demonstration Projects Show Promise" in the September 2003 issue of Children's Bureau Express.

More information about the Child Welfare Waiver Demonstration Projects is available on the Children's Bureau website at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/programs/child-welfare-waivers.

In May, the Pew Commission on Children in Foster Care released recommendations addressing the current Federal financing structure as well as challenges within the court system. Among the recommendations is a call to expand and simplify the Federal waiver process. An executive summary and the complete report can be accessed on the Pew Commission website at http://pewfostercare.org/docs/index.php?DocID=47.

Existing messages regarding the need to prevent child abuse and neglect may reinforce the public's mistaken beliefs about the issue and may even alienate the very audiences prevention advocates hope to reach, according to research commissioned by Prevent Child Abuse America with support from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation. The findings were presented at Building Public Will for Prevention: A Summit on Reframing Child Abuse and Neglect, held in Washington, D.C., on April 23 - 24.

The summit kickoff included opening remarks by Joan Ohl, Commissioner, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Ohl spoke of the Administration's long-standing support for research and programs to support vulnerable families and prevent child abuse and neglect, including President Bush's fiscal year 2005 budget proposal to double funding for two critical programs: the Basic State Grant Program (from $21 million to $42 million) and the Community-Based Grants for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (from $32 million to $66 million).

Most of the summit centered on the research, presented by the FrameWorks Institute and its partners at Public Knowledge and Cultural Logic, which was intended to help advocates engage the public more effectively in prevention. Key components included a review of existing surveys and focus group reports, original one-on-one interviews and focus groups, and an analysis of messages currently in use by Prevent Child Abuse America and the news media.

Findings from the research identify a number of barriers for prevention advocates to overcome, including:

• The idea of the family as an isolated, autonomous unit impedes public support for family and child policies.
• Lack of understanding or misunderstanding of child development results in incorrect beliefs about child rearing and child policies. (For example, many adults define a variety of developmentally appropriate actions as "spoiling.")
• Many people believe community intervention only occurs in dysfunctional families. This keeps them from seeing the positive ways communities interact with all families.

Researchers also identified a number of opportunities and needs for communications efforts:

• Communications need to connect families to communities in positive ways to build societal responsibility for kids. Youth sports, libraries, etc. serve to remind people of the ways in which communities have a role in raising children.
• The public is very interested in child development. The right understanding of development can lead to support for beneficial policies.
• The public readily accepts that parenting is a tough job that does not come naturally. This approach builds support for programs to educate parents and helps connect families to communities.

Based upon their findings, researchers made recommendations to help child abuse prevention experts and advocates avoid losing momentum and reinforcing negative aspects of the current public frames. They suggested that effective communications messages need to include:

• A positive connection to community.
• An emphasis on society's responsibility for children.
• An understandable model for child development.
• A focus on the objective of raising healthy children and the policies that will help reach the objective.
• Reference to child maltreatment as one consequence of failing to meet the objective, rather than as the organizing principle.
• Limited discussion of individual parents, and only in ways that support a role for society.

Reports from this project are available on the Prevent Child Abuse America website at www.preventchildabuse.org. For more information, contact:

Kevin Kirkpatrick, Vice President
Marketing & Communications and Advancement
Prevent Child Abuse America
(312) 663-3520 x110
kkirkpatrick@preventchildabuse.org

Results of two studies indicate that the U.S. Air Force Family Advocacy Program's Family Violence Severity Index (USAF-FAP Severity Index) has fair-to-good levels of reliability. These findings suggest that, with some refinements, the Index could be more widely used to assess the severity of all forms of partner and child maltreatment.

The U.S. Military's Family Advocacy Program (FAP), America's largest child and family maltreatment agency, has long used the FAP Severity Index to assess the severity of child maltreatment (physical, sexual, and emotional abuse; neglect) and partner maltreatment (physical, sexual, or emotional abuse). Despite its wide use in the military, no studies had previously been conducted to test its reliability. Researchers recently conducted two studies to determine the consistency of severity ratings between at least two clinicians for any given case.

Researchers concluded that the USAF-FAP Severity Index is a clinician-friendly measure that comprehensively assesses the severity of all forms of partner and child maltreatment. Although reliability was not excellent, the researchers indicated that with refinements such as more explicit guidelines and training materials for caseworkers, the index could be used universally to measure the severity of maltreatment.

The full text of the article, "Severity of Partner and Child Maltreatment: Reliability of Scales Used in America's Largest Child and Family Protection Agency," is available from Kluwer Online in the April 2004 issue of the Journal of Family Violence, Vol. 19(2) (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FB%3AJOFV.0000019840.36496.a1).

A unique mentoring program for children of incarcerated parents has shown success in improving children's self-esteem and academic performance. Originally developed by Public/Private Ventures in Philadelphia, the Amachi program is a partnership between faith-based organizations that provide volunteer mentors and nonprofit agencies such as Big Brothers Big Sisters of America (BBBS) that provide program infrastructure and expertise. Amachi has shown such success in its initial location that 23 more metropolitan areas have begun to set up similar programs. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services now provides funding for some of these programs through its grants for mentoring children of prisoners.

For the Philadelphia Amachi program, BBBS identified the children of incarcerated parents and completed all of the screening, training, and matching of mentors. Pastors from 42 local churches each agreed to provide at least 10 volunteers who would serve as mentors. The result has been 726 matches of mentors with children of incarcerated parents since 2001. Each mentor meets with his or her child several times a month to participate in fun activities, review schoolwork, or just spend time together.

The Amachi partnership between churches and BBBS has a number of notable features:

• Recruitment by pastors has resulted in a large pool of qualified mentors, of whom 90 percent are African American or Latino.
• Relying on the infrastructure of BBBS has allowed churches to focus on providing caring volunteers.
• Caregivers of children are identified and contacted by Amachi staff to recruit the children into the program.

Data from the first 556 matches show that the majority of mentors and caregivers reported their children had increased in self-confidence and had improved in academic performance and school behavior since the program began. Mentor relationships that had been established for 12 months or more were especially successful.

The Amachi program is featured in Public/Private Ventures' February 2004 In Brief, which can be read at http://ppv.issuelab.org/resource/amachi_in_brief. A complete report on the program can be downloaded at www.ppv.org/ppv/publications/assets/21_publication.pdf (Editor's note: Link no longer active).

Related Item

Read more about support for children of incarcerated parents in previous issues of Children's Bureau Express:

• "Children of Incarcerated Parents: Research and Resources" (February 2004)
• "Help for Children of Prisoners" (June/July 2003)

Staffing shortages and workforce issues continue to impact the quality and availability of child and family services around the country. Advocasey, a publication of the Annie E. Casey Foundation, tackles the topics of burnout and staffing shortages among frontline human services workers in its Spring 2004 issue.

The issue first cites statistics on the numbers of workers leaving and entering the field (40+ percent annual turnover), as well as on-the-job dangers (more than half of child welfare workers are victims of violence or threats on the job) and low levels of pay. To address these concerns, the publication then presents a series of articles highlighting promising practices in agencies around the country:

• "Who's Taking Care in Greenville?" cites funding and South Carolina's progressive human resources management program as contributing to some of the positive results in area services. State employees have received some benefits from reforms that reward employee performance and give more flexibility in hiring to local offices.
• "Just-in-Time Hiring" looks at a Michigan program that hires social workers in advance of crises, thereby lowering caseloads, improving services for needy children, and attracting better workers.
• "The Cincinnati Solution" describes Hamilton County's contract with the unionized human services workers, which is a performance-based pay agreement.
• "Upgrading the Workforce: Three More Successes" reports on actions taken at the agency, county, and State levels to combat high turnover rates and dissatisfaction among employees.

The full text of this issue of Advocasey can be downloaded at http://www.aecf.org/KnowledgeCenter/Publications.aspx?pubguid={F62AD12A-5FEF-4B11-88C6-706357DE3366}.

Related Items

The Winter 2003 issue of Professional Development: The International Journal of Continuing Social Work Education focuses on training and supervision in five articles that address themes of worker training, the supervisory role, evaluation, and competence across cultures and with mental health evaluations. Subscription information can be found at www.survey.utexas.edu/journal/.

Children's Bureau Express explored the issues of staff retention and burnout in the following articles:

• "Meeting the Challenge: Recruiting and Retaining Quality Staff" (August 2003)
• "Reports on Child Welfare Staffing Challenges" (June/July 2003)
• "State of the Child Welfare Workforce Examined" (July/August 2001)

Preparing youth in foster care to achieve economic success and make the transition to independent living are the aims of a new investment strategy developed by foundation executives who make up the Foster Care Work Group. Titled "Connected by 25," the plan is designed to ensure that former foster youth are connected by age 25 to institutions and support systems that will enable them to succeed as adults.

The plan calls for public- and private-sector investments in five main strategies:

1. Advocating for and supporting educational attainment, including secondary education
2. Facilitating access to employment
3. Providing financial literacy education
4. Encouraging savings and asset development, including matched savings accounts
5. Creating entrepreneurship opportunities

In order to implement these strategies, the Work Group outlines ways in which national, regional, and local foundations can support community demonstrations, research, technical assistance, and outreach and advocacy. The Work Group also proposes an evaluation plan that offers indicators and performance measures that can be used to assess the impact of these strategies on youth leaving foster care.

The full text of "Connected by 25: A Plan for Investing in Successful Futures for Foster Youth" can be downloaded at http://www.aecf.org/KnowledgeCenter/Publications.aspx?pubguid={061111FD-7991-4BFE-A794-48E1A4354BCF}.

Related Items

Children's Bureau Express has examined the topic of foster care youth transitioning to independence in a number of recent articles, including:

• "Improving Independent Living Services" (April 2004)
• "Casey Foster Alumni Achieve Success in High School Graduation, Employment" (February 2004)
• "Supporting Successful Transitions for Youth" (November 2003)

The Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation initiated the Best Practices Project to identify and disseminate information on best practices to help children heal from the impact of child abuse. A collaborative of national organizations concerned with child abuse, known as the National Call to Action (NCTA), brought together leading professionals, researchers, educators, and other stakeholders to identify best practices to serve victims of abuse and their families, as well as methods to spread the knowledge and use of these best practices in the field. The findings from the project are presented in a recent report, Closing the Quality Chasm in Child Abuse Treatment: Identifying and Disseminating Best Practices.

A variety of protocols were reviewed by an advisory committee. Three treatments were identified by the committee as having theoretical, clinical, and empirical support:

• Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy
• Abuse-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy
• Parent-child interaction therapy

A description of each is provided, as well as cases in which the treatments are appropriate and inappropriate. The report then goes on to describe a four-phased strategy for accelerating the move to implementing these and other innovative practices. Finally, the report offers 23 specific recommendations to support diffusion of the three identified "best practices" at the environment/community level, covering topics such as the need to introduce a social movement to drive diffusion, funding strategies, and the need for comprehensive education, training, and marketing activities.

The full report will be available from the National Call to Action website at http://www.chadwickcenter.org/Documents/Kaufman%20Report/ChildHosp-NCTAbrochure.pdf.

Related Item

Children's Bureau Express last wrote about outcomes in "Outcomes Being Documented for Parent-Child Interaction Therapy" in the October 2002 issue.

Two new publications are available to help organizations develop winning proposals.

Based on a new set of interviews with grantmakers, The Foundation Center's Guide to Proposal Writing (4th edition) provides insight into the grant decision-making process. Thirteen chapters cover such topics as setting funding priorities, researching potential funders, and developing various sections of the master proposal. A sample proposal and selected resources also are provided. The book can be ordered for $34.95 from the Foundation Center website at www.fdncenter.org/marketplace/catalog/product_monograph.jhtml?id= prod10047&navCount=1&navAction=jump. (Editor's note: This link is no longer available, but the 6th edition of the book can be ordered at http://marketplace.foundationcenter.org/Publications/Fundraising/The-Foundation-Centers-Guide-to-Proposal-Writing-6th-Edition.)

Another new publication, Successful Grant Writing (2nd Edition), targets health and human service professionals. The book provides the perspective of both the funding agency and the grant seeker, and includes topics such as models for proposal development, writing a proposal, and managing a grant award. The book is available from Springer Publishing Company for $39.95: www.springerpub.com/books/social_work/pub_9261_0.html. (Editor's note: This link is no longer active, but the 4th edition of the publication is available at http://www.amazon.com/Successful-Grant-Writing-Edition-Professionals/dp/0826100902.)

Upcoming national conferences on adoption and child welfare through September 2004 include:

July

• Summer Seminars by the Sea (Chadwick Center for Children & Families; June 28 through July 16, San Diego, CA)
• Victimization of Children & Youth: An International Research Conference (Family Research Laboratory; July 11 through 14, Portsmouth, NH)
• National IV-E Training Conference "Weaving Resources for Better Child Welfare Outcomes" (University of Oklahoma/School of Social Work; July 12 through 14, Santa Fe, NM)
• Summer Intensives on Adoption and Complex Families (Adoption Resource Center and Center for Family Connections; July 12 through 16; Provincetown, MA)
• Putting the Pieces Together: 1st National Conference on Substance Abuse, Child Welfare and the Dependency Court (National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare; July 14 through 15, Baltimore, MD)
• AdoptUSKids National Adoption and Foster Care Recruitment Summit "Answering the Call -- Partnering with Communities of Faith" (July 15 through 16, Washington, DC)
• Foster Family-based Treatment Association's 18th Annual Conference on Treatment Foster Care (July 18 through 21, Nashville, TN)
• 67th National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges Annual Conference (July 18 through 21, Portland, OR)
• Advocacy in Action: Becoming a Powerful Voice for Youth! (Independent Living Resources, Inc.; July 20 through 22, Chapel Hill, NC)
• Investigation and Prosecution of Child Fatalities and Physical Abuse (American Prosecutors Research Institute's National Center for Prosecution of Child Abuse; July 26 through 30, Chicago, IL)
• 30th Anniversary NACAC Conference "30 Years of Celebrating Families" (North American Council on Adoptable Children; July 29 through 31, Minneapolis, MN)

August

• APSAC's 12th Annual Colloquium (American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children; August 4 through 7, Hollywood, CA)
• Destination Future 2004: National Youth Leadership Conference "Uniting the Voices of Youth" (National Resource Center for Youth Services; August 20 through 22, Chevy Chase, MD)
• Investigation and Prosecution of Child Abuse: Equal Justice for Children (American Prosecutors Research Institute's National Center for Prosecution of Child Abuse; August 30 through September 3, New Orleans, LA)

September

• Fifth National Conference on Shaken Baby Syndrome (National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome; September 12 through 15, Montreal, Canada)
• 9th International Conference on Family Violence: Working Together To End Abuse (Family Violence & Sexual Assault Institute; September 17 through 22, San Diego, CA)
• 15th International Congress on Child Abuse and Neglect (International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect; September 19 through 22, Brisbane, Australia)
• Raising Kin: The Psychosocial Well-being of Substance-affected Children in Relative Care (National Abandoned Infants Assistance Resource Center; September 27 through 28; Chicago, IL)
• "Growing Pains" National Independent Living Conference (Daniel Memorial Institute; September 29 through October 2; San Antonio, TX)

Further details about national and regional adoption and child welfare conferences can be found in the Conference Calendar on Child Welfare Information Gateway: www.childwelfare.gov/calendar

States now have an opportunity to receive assistance in establishing their own high quality forensic interviewing courses. Under the project Half a Nation by 2010, the American Prosecutors Research Institute (APRI) is offering States training in its Finding Words curriculum.

Finding Words was designed by and for frontline child abuse professionals. The course is offered to multidisciplinary teams consisting of prosecutors, law enforcement officers, child protection workers, and forensic interviewers. The goal is to train these professionals to work together throughout an investigation, from the initial report, to the interview, to prosecution when appropriate.

The intense week-long curriculum begins with basic information about interviewing and child development. Additional topics include:

• How children experience sexual abuse
• Diversity
• Using age-appropriate guidelines to question children
• Processes of disclosure and inquiry
• Use of interview aids (such as anatomical dolls)
• Potential blocks and problems in the interview process
• Prosecution issues such as hearsay and corroboration
• Suggestibility
• Preparing the child witness for court
• Testifying in court

The course concludes with two peer-critiqued interviews--one with a real child about a non-abuse event, and one with an adult actor portraying an alleged child sexual abuse victim.

By early 2003, five States had completed training and were certified to offer local Finding Words courses: Minnesota, South Carolina, Indiana, New Jersey, and Mississippi. Five more States had been admitted into the program, including Georgia, Missouri, Maryland, West Virginia, and Illinois. Under a grant from the Children's Bureau, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, APRI's Office of Research and Evaluation is evaluating the implementation of Finding Words within each State and measuring the impact of this training on case outcomes in the child protection and criminal justice systems.

A report on the project, Finding Words: Half a Nation by 2010, including a program application, can be found on the APRI website at www.ndaa.org/pdf/finding_words_2003.pdf (Editor's note: Link no longer active). For more information about the project, contact the National Center for Prosecution of Child Abuse at ncpca@ndaa-apri.org or (703) 549-4253.

Related Items

A recent article in the APRI Update discusses the implications of a recent U.S. Supreme Court decision that undermines the ability of prosecutors to admit child hearsay statements when the child is unavailable for testimony. Read the article at http://www.ndaa.org/ncpca_update_v16_no12.html.

Read more about forensic interviews in previous issues of Children's Bureau Express:

• "Forensic Interviews and Family-Centered Practice" (April 2003)
• "Preparing Kids for Court" (September/October 2001)

Upcoming national conferences on adoption and child welfare through September 2004 include:

July

• Summer Seminars by the Sea (Chadwick Center for Children & Families; June 28 through July 16, San Diego, CA)
• Victimization of Children & Youth: An International Research Conference (Family Research Laboratory; July 11 through 14, Portsmouth, NH)
• National IV-E Training Conference "Weaving Resources for Better Child Welfare Outcomes" (University of Oklahoma/School of Social Work; July 12 through 14, Santa Fe, NM)
• Summer Intensives on Adoption and Complex Families (Adoption Resource Center and Center for Family Connections; July 12 through 16; Provincetown, MA)
• Putting the Pieces Together: 1st National Conference on Substance Abuse, Child Welfare and the Dependency Court (National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare; July 14 through 15, Baltimore, MD)
• AdoptUSKids National Adoption and Foster Care Recruitment Summit "Answering the Call -- Partnering with Communities of Faith" (July 15 through 16, Washington, DC)
• Foster Family-based Treatment Association's 18th Annual Conference on Treatment Foster Care (July 18 through 21, Nashville, TN)
• 67th National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges Annual Conference (July 18 through 21, Portland, OR)
• Advocacy in Action: Becoming a Powerful Voice for Youth! (Independent Living Resources, Inc.; July 20 through 22, Chapel Hill, NC)
• Investigation and Prosecution of Child Fatalities and Physical Abuse (American Prosecutors Research Institute's National Center for Prosecution of Child Abuse; July 26 through 30, Chicago, IL)
• 30th Anniversary NACAC Conference "30 Years of Celebrating Families" (North American Council on Adoptable Children; July 29 through 31, Minneapolis, MN)

August

• APSAC's 12th Annual Colloquium (American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children; August 4 through 7, Hollywood, CA)
• Destination Future 2004: National Youth Leadership Conference "Uniting the Voices of Youth" (National Resource Center for Youth Services; August 20 through 22, Chevy Chase, MD)
• Investigation and Prosecution of Child Abuse: Equal Justice for Children (American Prosecutors Research Institute's National Center for Prosecution of Child Abuse; August 30 through September 3, New Orleans, LA)

September

• Fifth National Conference on Shaken Baby Syndrome (National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome; September 12 through 15, Montreal, Canada)
• 9th International Conference on Family Violence: Working Together To End Abuse (Family Violence & Sexual Assault Institute; September 17 through 22, San Diego, CA)
• 15th International Congress on Child Abuse and Neglect (International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect; September 19 through 22, Brisbane, Australia)
• Raising Kin: The Psychosocial Well-being of Substance-affected Children in Relative Care (National Abandoned Infants Assistance Resource Center; September 27 through 28; Chicago, IL)
• "Growing Pains" National Independent Living Conference (Daniel Memorial Institute; September 29 through October 2; San Antonio, TX)

Further details about national and regional adoption and child welfare conferences can be found in the Conference Calendar on Child Welfare Information Gateway: www.childwelfare.gov/calendar